tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-58008481441044259312024-03-19T11:07:46.856+07:00shareilmuadalah sebuah blog seorang mahasiswa D3 T.telekomunikasi IT Telkom 2006 yg sekarang melanjutkan S1 T.Telkomunikasi di kampus yg sama.
dengan adanya blog ini kita bisa saling mengeshare segala jenis ilmu n pengetahuan demi masa depan yg baik...
amin!edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.comBlogger7125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-15836210075848548522011-05-27T15:03:00.000+07:002011-05-27T15:03:35.798+07:00Membuat PCB sendiriteman-teman kemaren saya coba searching di internet tentang PCB nah kebetulah ada ilmu yang menarik ni tentang pembuatan PCB sumber :<a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php">http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php</a><br />
<br />
Project ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana cara untuk membuat PCB sendiri dirumah.<br />
yang anda butuhkan adalah beberapa alat dan waktu untuk eksperimen. <br />
Kita bisa membuat PCB dengan biaya yang murah, berikut langkahnya : <br />
<ul><li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#softwaretools">Software tools : Schematic dan PCB lay out program</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#prepareboard">Siapkan PCB </a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#printlayout">Cetak gambar ke PCB, ada beberapa cara :</a> <ol><li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#UV">UV photoresist laminate</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#screenprinting">Sablon</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#transferpaper">Toner transfer paper</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#directprint">Cetak langsung ke PCB </a><br />
</li>
</ol></li>
<li> <a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#etching">Etching</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#drilling">Drilling</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.finsdesign.com/pcb_mmake_i.php#silvercoating">Silver Coated</a></li>
</ul><div class="biggertext"><br />
<span class="biggertext">PERHATIAN !! </span></div><blockquote> <div align="justify" class="Normal"><em>Mohon di perhatikan bahwa membuat PCB menggunakan beberapa bahan kimia yang berpotensi berbahaya, Ini adalah tanggung jawab anda sendiri jika anda memakainya. jika anda tidak ingin mengambil resiko, jangan mencoba untuk memakai bahan kimia ini.</em></div><div align="justify" class="Normal"><em><strong class="boldblack12">Di sarankan untuk memakai alat bantu keamanan seperti kacamata goggles, baju yang tebal, dan sarung tangan waktu anda memakai bahan kimia</strong>. <br />
Di beberapa negara beberapa alat dan bahan kimia tertentu sangat di larang, karena bahan tersebut memungkinkan menghasilkan limbah yang sulit di daur ulang dan dapat merusak lingkungan.<br />
Ini adalah tanggung jawab anda pribadi untuk mematuhi larangan tersebut,<br />
Beberapa persyaratan dan peralatan keamanan harus di patuhi dalam project ini.</em></div><div align="justify" class="Normal"><em>Saya ingin memberikan beberapa contoh yang harus di ingat : NaOH (caustic soda) dan ferric Chloride sangat berbahaya dan tidak sehat, jangan sampai udara nya terhirup oleh anda. <br />
</em><em><strong class="boldblack12">Caustic soda bisa menghancurkan kain, kulit dan tissue</strong>, dan <strong class="boldblack12">Ferric Chloride dapat membuat logam berubah warna menjadi kuning secara permanen. </strong><br />
<strong class="boldblack12"> Jangan memakai NaOH dan ferric chloride dengan logam, terutama alumunium</strong></em><em>.<br />
Ferric Chloride bisa melarutkan stainless steel. <br />
Cari tahu dan lakukan persiapan sebelum anda mendapatkan kecelakaan kerja yang tidak di harapkan.<br />
Tandai botol botol berbahan kimia supaya tidak keliru, dan jauhkan dari anak anak. Gunakan botol berbahan plastik yang tebal, supaya aman bila kena panas.<strong class="boldblack12"><br />
<br />
Jangan taruh bahan kimia di tempat yang panas seperti di mobil atau di bagian rumah yang terkena sinar matahari langsung. </strong><br />
Perlu di ingat Sinar ultraviolet dari matahari dapat mengaktifkan UV sensitive resin lapisan PCB, dan itu tidak sehat untuk kita.<br />
<br />
</em><em><span class="boldblack12"><strong>Tatap mata langsung dengan sinar ultra violet dapat menyebabkan katarak.<br />
</strong></span>Debu yang di hasilkan dari pemotongan dan proses bor PCB tidak sehat untuk pernafasan dan mata kita, dan dapat menyebabkan penyakit paru paru. </em></div></blockquote><div align="justify" class="Normal"><br />
</div><hr /> <h3>Software Tools<a href="" name="softwaretools"></a> : Schematic dan PCB Lay out program </h3><div align="justify">Pertama tama untuk mendesign PCB lay out kita membutuhkan software bantu seperti : Protel, Orcad, PCB designer, eagle, CAM350 , Express PCB atau yang lain. <br />
Saya lebih suka menggunakan protel untuk mendesign rangkaian elektronika.<br />
Langkah pertama, kita membuat Gambar Schematic dengan protel.</div><div align="center"><img height="394" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/schematic.gif" width="400" /></div><br />
<div align="justify"> Untuk dapat mengkonversi ke bentuk PCB, kita harus create netlist dahulu.<br />
Cek netlist report untuk meyakinkan semua sudah benar.<br />
buka netlist dari protel pada program PCB layout, kemudian kita akan melakukan routing jalur/tracks.<br />
Ada 2 macam routing, manual dan automatic.<br />
Saya lebih suka menggunakan Manual route, karena saya bisa mendesign sesuai dengan selera saya dengan optimal. Jika anda menggunakan auto route, kemungkinan gambar yang di hasilkan bisa menjadi 2 layer dan itu tidak optimal.</div><div align="center"> <img height="256" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/pcb-layout.gif" width="350" /></div>Gambar di atas adalah gambar untuk top layer, karena ada komponen SMD yang di pakai.<br />
<h3>Siapkan PCB <a href="" name="prepareboard"></a></h3><div align="justify">Siapkan PCB, gosok dengan scotchbrite atau "artificial steel wool" yang biasa di pakai untuk menggosok piring di dapur, karena scotchbrite bisa menghilangkan oksidasi dan goresan, sehingga lapisan tembaga nya terlihat bagus dan berkilau. <br />
<br />
<span class="Redbold">Jangan di gosok menggunakan kertas pasir atau ampelas<br />
</span> Yakinkan bahwa PCB dalam kondisi bersih sebelum kita lanjut kan ke proses berikutnya. </div><div align="center"><img height="218" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/cleanPCB.gif" width="250" /><br />
</div><h3>Cetak layout ke papan PCB <a href="" name="printlayout"></a></h3>Untuk mencetak layout ke papan PCB ada beberapa cara : <br />
<h4>1. UV Photoresist laminate<a href="" name="UV"></a> </h4><div align="justify"> Cetak lay out ke transparant plastik film dengan laser printer.<br />
Area yang gelap akan menjadi area tembaga, dan yang transparant akan hilang / kosong. <br />
Dengan cara ini bagian yang gelap tidak akan ada cahaya UV yang bisa tembus.<br />
Dalam pemasangan negative film ini harus benar benar akurat, karena bila goyang sedikit, hasilnya akan kabur.<br />
<br />
</div><h6 align="justify">Exposure</h6><div align="justify">Persiapkan Lampu UV, dan panaskan dulu kurang lebih 2 menit sebelum memulai exposure / pencahayaan.<br />
Siapkan papan PCB yang bersih dan buat lapisan postive resist dengan menyemprotkan positiv 20. </div><div align="center"> <br />
<img height="119" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/uvbox.jpg" width="250" /></div><div align="left"> <br />
</div><blockquote> <em><span class="d-menu-title">Optional positiv resist :</span></em><span class="d-menu-title"><em></em></span><br />
<ol><li>Ada PCB yang terbuat dari bahan spesial, yang sudah ada lapisan photo-positive pada tembaga nya, bila anda menggunakan pcb ini anda tidak perlu menggunakan positive resist lagi.</li>
<li><em>Ada transparant film yang sudah mengandung positive photoresist, anda bisa melihatnya di <a href="http://www.computronics.com.au/tools/">site ini.</a></em></li>
</ol></blockquote><br />
<div align="center"><em><img height="157" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/P20.gif" width="152" /> </em></div><div align="justify"> Sekarang letakkan pcb di antara 2 kaca di bawah lampu UV.<br />
Anda harus ber eksperimen dengan waktu yang di butuhkan , biasanya 3-4 menit menghasilkan hasil yang bagus. Jika terlalu lama di sinari, maka akan lebih banyak area yang hitam, sehingga hasilnya kurang sempurna . </div><div align="justify"> <div align="justify"> <div align="justify"> <h6 align="justify">Developer</h6><div align="justify"> Setelah 3-4 menit, matikan lampu UV dan ambil PCB, biarkan sampai dingin, karena suhu nya sangat panas (30-40 derajat celcius), dan jika di taruh langsung ke cairan developer, maka reaksi nya akan terlalu cepat, sehingga anda akan kehilangan sebagian gambar layout.<br />
<br />
Setelah dingin, masukkan ke cairan developer.<br />
<br />
Ketika anda membeli bubuk atau cairan NaOH, anda bisa melihat labelnya untuk cara penggunaan nya, harus di campur dengan air dengan perbandingan berapa banding berapa.<br />
proses developer ini membutuhkan waktu kurang lebih 1-2 menit, lalu ambil PCB dan siram dengan air untuk menghilangkan sisa larutan NaOH.<br />
</div><div align="center"><img height="176" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/NaOH.jpg" width="150" /></div><blockquote> <div align="left"> <em><br />
<span class="d-menu-title">Optional developer :</span></em></div><ol><li><em align="justify">DP50 developer, 50 gram sachet di campur dengan 1 liter air, dapar menghasilkan cairan developer minimum 10 x 100x150mm PCB.</em></li>
<li><em>Bahan dasar Silicate , berbentuk cairan concentrate. Namanya sodium Metasilicate pentahydrate Na2SiO3*5H2O</em></li>
</ol></blockquote></div></div><h4> </h4><h4>2. Sablon <a href="" name="screenprinting"></a></h4>Cara ini sama dengan cara menyablon biasa, seperti di kain atau di kertas.<br />
Bagian yang di sablon akan menjadi tembaga, dan bagian yang tidak di sablon akan hilang.<br />
Cetak gambar layout ke transparant plastik film dengan laser printer, gambar harus di cetak mirror atau terbalik ( inverse ) .<br />
<br />
<div align="center"><img height="211" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/screenprinting.gif" width="318" /> </div><div align="left"><br />
Buat lapisan tipis dengan emulsion pada screen sablon, dan keringkan selama 10 menit.</div><blockquote> <div align="left">Optional Screen emulsion :</div><ol><li>Ulano 133 ( dasar minyak) </li>
<li>Photosol</li>
</ol><br />
</blockquote><div align="center"><img height="266" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/screenemulsion.gif" width="200" /></div><div align="left"><br />
</div><div align="left">Persiapkan :</div><ul><li>Kaca bening dan bersih </li>
<li>Transparan negative film </li>
<li>Screen Sablon ( T165 atau T180 )</li>
<li>kain hitam </li>
<li>busa / spon </li>
<li>Kaca bening </li>
</ul>Tumpuk bahan bahan tersebut dengan urutan seperti di atas, kemudian sinari langsung mengarah ke matahari.<br />
Anda harus ber eksperimen untuk mendapatkan hasil yang bagus, karena lama nya penyinaran tergantung dengan cuaca.<br />
Jika siang hari, dan langit cerah membutuhkan waktu sekitar 20-30 detik.<br />
jika mendung, bisa membutuhkan waktu sekitar 1-2 menit.<br />
jika terlalu lama menyinari maka hasilnya akan kurang bagus, karena akan banyak daerah hitam.<br />
<br />
Setelah penyinaran, semprot screen dengan air, bagian gambar yang hitam akan menjadi solid, dan yang lain akan menjadi transparan. <br />
<br />
Siapkan PCB yang bersih, rakel ( alat untuk menyapu tinta sablon )<br />
dan tinta sablon.<br />
<br />
Taruh papan sablon di atas PCB, lalu tuangkan tinta sablon secukupnya pada screen, dan mulai menyablon, dengan menyapu tinta menggunakan rakel.<br />
Sekarang anda mempunyai pcb yang sudah terlapisi dengan tinta sablon dan siap untuk di etching.<br />
<h4>3. Toner Transfer Paper <a href="" name="transferpaper"></a></h4>Toner Transfer adalah cara untuk mencetak gambar layout ke PCB dengan tekanan panas untuk mentransfer toner dari kertas ke board PCB.<br />
Kunci dari cara ini adalah pada jenis kertasnya, ada juga yang menyebutnya dengan kertas press n peel sheet (PNP), tapi saya menganjurkan untuk mencoba coba kertas mana yang hasilnya lebih bagus.<br />
<ol><li> Cetak gambar lay out ke kertas transfer paper, dengan gambar yg di mirror / inverse dengan setting toner paling gelap pada printer laser .</li>
<li>Potong kertas sesuai gambar lay out.<br />
<br />
<img height="149" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/transferpaper.gif" width="200" /><br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Panaskan setrika baju, jangan pakai setrika uap. dan setting ke temperature maksimum</li>
<li>Taruh PCB di permukaan yang datar, kemudian tekan dan tahan setrika di atas permukaan PCB beberapa detik.<br />
kemudian letakkan kertas transfer paper dengan gambar terbalik ke bawah menghadap PCB, kemudian mulai proses menyetrika, coba dengan arah memutar, atau hanya di tekan beberapa detik.<br />
Pastikan panasnya merata di permukaan PCB. <br />
<br />
<img height="163" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/iron.gif" width="250" /> </li>
</ol>Ketika anda sudah yakin bahwa pemanasan ini sudah cukup, biarkan pcb dingin, kemudian coba untuk melepas kertas transfer paper, jika ada gambar yang belum menempel, proses pemanasan bisa di ulang kembali.<br />
Proses ini butuh eksperimen, berapa lama pemanasan dengan kertas yang berbeda, sehingga menghasilkan hasil yang optimal.<br />
<div align="center"><img height="155" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/cooling-down.gif" width="200" /></div><div align="left"><br />
<br />
</div></div><h4>4. Cetak langsung ke PCB <a href="" name="directprint"></a></h4>Cara ini di pakai dengan menggunakan printer yang bisa mencetak langsung ke material , atau dengan printer yang sudah di modifikasi. <br />
<h3>Etching<a href="" name="etching"></a></h3>Sekarang PCB siap untuk proses etching.<br />
Beberapa bahan kimia untuk proses ecthing :<br />
<ol><li> <div align="justify"> FeCl3 (Ferric Chloride)<br />
<br />
<span class="Redbold">Perhatian bahan limbah ferric chloride :</span><br />
<br />
Untuk membuang limbah FeCL3 sebelum di buang ke tempat pembuangan, harus di perhatikan beberapa hal.<br />
<span class="Redbold">Limbah FeCl3 SANGAT AMAT BERACUN !! </span>. <br />
Untuk itu siapkan tong yang terbuat dari bahan plastik tebal sebagai tempat pembuangan sementara, kemudian endapkan limbah FeCl3 ke dalam tong tersebut, dan taruh beberapa barang berbahan logam seperti baut bekas, obeng yang sudah rusak, atau barang bekas logam lainnya, dan diamkan dalam beberapa hari atau minggu.<br />
Logam logam yang di masukkan tadi akan berkarat dan hancur menjadi bubuk, ini akan me-reduksi/ mengurangi racun dari sisa etching PCB, karena FeCL3 ini setelah tereduksi dengan logam akan menjadi FeCL2, dimana sedikit lebih aman dari pada FeCl3.<br />
Treatment terbaik setelah menjadi FeCl2 adalah di larutkan dengan soda (Na2CO3) atau detergent.<br />
Dan ini akan menjadi Fe(CO3) (insoluble rusty mud) dan NaCl (garam dapur ). <br />
Setelah di keringkan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik, dan bisa di buang ke tong sampah.<br />
</div></li>
<li> <div align="justify"> Ammonium Persulphate<br />
Kelebihan dari ammonium persulphate ini adalah cairannya bening, sehingga proses etching bisa di lihat tanpa memindahkan board PCB. <br />
</div></li>
<li> Peroxide of hydrogen</li>
</ol><br />
Etching Board PCB ke dalam plastik tupperware , bagian yang tidak terlapisi akan hilang, dan bagian yang terlapisi akan tinggal.<br />
Setelah itu bilas dengan air, kemudian gosok PCB dengan scotchbrite untuk membersihkan sisa residu tinta. <br />
<div align="center"><img height="172" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/etching.gif" width="250" /></div><br />
<h3>Drilling<a href="" id="drilling" name="drilling"></a></h3>Pakai bor duduk yang kecil yang bisa di gunakan untuk mata bor ukuran kecil , dengan diameter 5 - 0.3 milimeter. <br />
Diamater bor yang sering di pakai :<br />
Mata bor 0,8 mili untuk kaki IC <br />
Mata bor 1 mili untuk pad yang lebih besar, header, atau yang lainnya <br />
Mata bor 1,5 mili untuk relay, switch , dan yang lain <br />
Mata bor 3 mili untuk spacer / tempat baut. <br />
<div align="center"><img height="249" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/standingdrill.gif" width="175" /></div><div align="left"><br />
</div><h3>Silver Coated<a href="" name="silvercoating"></a></h3>Lapisan perak bisa untuk mengurangi / mereduksi tembaga dari oksidasi.<br />
Anda dapat membuat lapisan ini dengan menggunakan AgNo3 ( Silver Nitrat ) + Potasium + air bersih. <br />
<div align="center"><img height="192" src="http://www.finsdesign.com/images/pcb/silvercoating.gif" width="250" /></div><br />
Sekarang, PCB siap di pakai.edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-7085722924507961022011-05-27T14:50:00.002+07:002011-05-27T14:50:59.068+07:00Seperti Apa Anda Mengukir Sejarah?sebuah artikel dari teman saya untuk saya....<br />
<br />
Edy, Seperti Apa Anda Mengukir Sejarah?<br />
...<br />
Dari: <br />
Anne Ahira - Asian Brain <admin@asianbrain.com><br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
Untuk....<br />
Edy Cahyono - Temanku yang baik hati!<br />
<br />
Tidaklah penting berapa lama kita<br />
hidup! Satu hari, atau seratus tahun...<br />
<br />
Hal yang benar-benar penting adalah<br />
APA yang kita telah kita lakukan<br />
selama hidup kita, yang bermanfaat<br />
bagi orang lain!<br />
<br />
Anne Ahira<br />
Asian Brain, CEO<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.asianbrain.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.AsianBrain.com/</a><br />
INTERNET MARKETING CENTER<br />
<br />
---------------------------<br />
Main Article :<br />
---------------------------<br />
<br />
Seperti Apa Anda Mengukir Sejarah?<br />
<br />
Ditulis oleh: Anne Ahira<br />
<br />
"The difference between a successful<br />
person and others is in a lack of will"<br />
~ Vince Lombardi, Football Coach<br />
<br />
Edy, kebanyakan manusia cukup puas<br />
hanya dengan... <br />
<br />
Lahir - Hidup - dan lalu meninggal.<br />
<br />
Hingga akhirnya yang tertinggal hanya<br />
tiga baris di batu nisannya :<br />
<br />
Si X, lahir tanggal sekian, dan meninggal<br />
tanggal sekian!<br />
<br />
Inginkah Edy menjalani hidup apa<br />
adanya seperti itu?<br />
<br />
Seperti apa Edy mengukir sejarah?<br />
<br />
Ada 3 hal yang bisa membedakan Edy<br />
dengan kebanyakan orang dalam mengukir<br />
sejarah, yaitu...<br />
<br />
Kemauan, Keilmuan dan Kesempatan.<br />
<br />
1. Kemauan<br />
<br />
Kemauan menjadi kata kunci yang paling<br />
penting dalam menentukan sejarah hidup<br />
Edy.<br />
<br />
Edy mau menjadi apa? Seperti apa? dan<br />
di mana? Tentunya hanya Edy yang<br />
paling mengetahuinya!<br />
<br />
Cobalah catat semuanya. Baik itu<br />
melalui memori, diary, atau melalui<br />
selembar kertas sekali pun! Edy pasti<br />
punya kemauan!<br />
<br />
Jangan pernah katakan Edy tidak punya<br />
kemauan. Hidup itu terlalu pendek untuk<br />
disia-siakan.<br />
<br />
2. Keilmuan<br />
<br />
Percaya, segala sesuatu itu pasti ada<br />
ilmunya! Jika Edy punya kemauan dan<br />
memiliki ilmunya, maka segala usaha<br />
akan tercapai dengan lebih baik.<br />
<br />
Itu sebabnya Edy harus mau belajar<br />
dan belajar. Edy bisa belajar dimana<br />
saja, kapan saja, dan dengan siapa<br />
saja.<br />
<br />
Ingat, tidak pernah ada kata terlambat<br />
untuk belajar, mengenal, memahami, dan<br />
mengamalkan sesuatu hal yang bermanfaat<br />
bagi kehidupan Edy, begitu juga bagi<br />
orang lain.<br />
<br />
Dan satu lagi....<br />
<br />
3. Kesempatan<br />
<br />
Jika kemauan ada, keilmuan ada, maka<br />
tinggal kesempatanlah yang memutuskan<br />
apakah Edy bisa mengukir sejarah<br />
dengan baik atau tidak.<br />
<br />
Kesempatan ini bisa datang dari mana<br />
saja, tergantung kecekatan Edy dalam<br />
memanfaatkan setiap peluang yang ada.<br />
<br />
Kita tahu, seringkali kesempatan itu<br />
hadir, tapi kita tidak mampu<br />
memanfaatkannya dengan benar, karena<br />
keilmuannya kurang, meski keinginan<br />
kita itu sebenarnya sudah besar.<br />
<br />
Jika ini terjadi, tidak jarang orang<br />
menyesal dan kadang menjadi berfikir<br />
bahwa nasib selalu tidak berpihak<br />
padanya.<br />
<br />
Sebenarnya tidak demikian Edy! Dia<br />
hanya tidak tahu bagaimana cara<br />
menyatukan 3K! Yaitu...<br />
<br />
Kemauan, Keilmuan dan Kesempatan!<br />
<br />
Nah, sekarang Edy tahu, apa yang<br />
harus dilakukan untuk bisa mengukir<br />
sejarah dengan baik dalam hidup Edy!<br />
<br />
Padukan antara kemauan, keilmuan dan<br />
kesempatan. Jika kemauan sudah ada,<br />
keilmuan sudah ada, maka kesempatan itu<br />
sebenarnya bisa dicari dan diupayakan!<br />
<br />
Dan percaya... ketika ketiga unsur ini<br />
berpadu dalam hidup Edy, maka sejarah<br />
kebesaran tentang Edy telah dimulai. :-)<br />
<br />
Selamat mencoba!<br />
<br />
<br />
************** RESOURCE BOX ********************<br />
<br />
Anne Ahira adalah PENDIRI Asian Brain Internet Marketing Center,<br />
Asian Brain adalah pusat pendidikan Internet Marketing PERTAMA<br />
dan Terbaik di Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Murid Anne Ahira kini telah mencapai RIBUAN. Tersebar dari<br />
Sabang sampai Merauke! Keberhasilan Anne Ahira di dunia<br />
Internet Marketing telah banyak dipublikasikan oleh media masa.<br />
Kunjungi situsnya sekarang juga: <a href="http://www.asianbrain.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.AsianBrain.com/</a><br />
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Jl. Bojong Sereh No. 668 Bandung 40376<br />
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Fax (022) 5947-999<br />
SMS: 081.320.6888.98edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-17868052403293124272011-05-27T14:29:00.000+07:002011-05-27T14:37:32.337+07:00Sepuluh (10) Kepribadian Orang Sukses oleh Charly BuchariSuatu kesuksesan memiliki banyak definisi dan variasi tolok ukur. Beberapa dari kita meyakini, bahwa kesuksesan berarti mencapai posisi tertinggi di kantor, variasi lainnya bermakna memiliki kecukupan finansial tertentu. Ada sebagian lagi mewujudkan kesuksesan sebagai sebuah predikat penghargaan dari kolega dan khalayak atas prestasinya. Dari bermacam definisi dan tolok ukur itu, satu hal yang dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesuksesan merupakan pencapaian impian melalui sebuah proses terstruktur dan terencana. Contohnya, si A mendefinisikan sukses jika dia mampu mencapai manajer pemasaran di tempat kerjanya. Usaha untuk “memuluskan” kesuksesan tersebut, A memutuskan untuk belajar kembali di institusi pendidikan S2 dan mengikuti beberapa seminar pemasaran. Tentu saja, banyak hal yang perlu dipersiapkan, baik itu material dan sikap pribadinya. Bentuk material berupa dana dan waktu merupakan hal yang pasti harus dipersiapkan, lalu perlu juga ditunjang dengan sikap pribadi dalam menyikapi proses pencapaian kesuksesan itu sendiri. <br />
<br />
Merujuk kepada Jennie S. Bev yaitu seorang konsultan, entrepreneur, penulis dan edukator bertempat tinggal di San Francisco Bay Area dan merupakan seorang Indonesia yang “sukses” berkompetisi pada iklim “ketat” Amerika. Beliau mengedepankan 10 unsur kepribadian seorang sukses (baik dari segi keuangan dan prestasi) yang berdasarkan pada komunikasi dan pergaulannya dengan para billionaire dan beberapa pengusaha sukses. Sepuluh sikap itu adalah sebagai berikut: <br />
<br />
Satu, keberanian untuk berinisiatif.<br />
Kekuatan yang sebenarnya tidak lagi menjadi rahasia atas kesuksesan orang-orang terknenal yaitu mereka selalu punya ide-ide cemerlang! Seorang Donald Trump yang “mendunia” karena superioritasnya di bidang Real Estate awalnya berproses dari status bangkrut dan akhirnya berpredikat Raja Real Estate, adalah contoh dari seorang yang jenius dan berani berinisiatif. Kita tentu mengenal serial TV The Apprentice, kontes Miss Universe, Online University bernama TrumpUniversity.com, bahkan di negara asalnya boneka Donald adalah sebuah icon dan produk laris selain buku-buku bestseller-nya. Dan inisiatif adalah kekayaan semua orang, tinggal orang itu mau atau tidak untuk berinisiatif mengemukakan ide-idenya. <br />
<br />
Dua, tepat waktu.<br />
Sebuah hal yang pasti untuk semua orang di dunia ini tanpa terkecuali adalah bahwa kita memiliki jumlah waktu yang sama yaitu 24 jam sehari. Seorang yang menepati janji dan tepat waktu menunjukkan bahwa dia adalah seorang yang memiliki kemampuan mengatur/manage sesuatu yang paling terbatas tersebut. Kemampuan untuk hadir sesuai janji adalah kunci dari semua keberhasilan, terutama keberhasilan berbisnis dan berinteraksi. Memberikan perhatian lebih terhadap waktu merupakan pencerminan dari respek terhadap diri sendiri dan kolega dan mitra kita. <br />
<br />
Tiga, senang melayani dan memberi.<br />
Sebuah rumus sukses dari banyak orang sukses adalah mampu memimpin, namun sebuah additional attribute dari sikap kepemimpinan adalah kebiasaan melayani dan memberi. The more you give to others, the more respect you get in return. Dan, keikhlasan adalah kunci untuk sifat ini. Kebaikan lain akan terus mengalir tanpa henti saat kita mampu memberi dan melayani dengan ikhlas. Ini mungkin bisa dibilang sebagai bonus saja! Tetapi, setidaknnya dengan memberi dan melayani berarti menunjukkan kepada teman, kolega serta rekan kita betapa suksesnya diri kita sehingga membuat orang lebih yakin bermitra dan bergaul dengan diri kita. <br />
<br />
Empat, membuka diri terlebih dahulu.<br />
Barangkali kita pernah bertemu orang yang selalu mau tahu tentang hal pribadi orang lain namun dia terus menutup diri agar jati dirinya tidak terbuka. Mereka biasanya hidup dalam ketakutan dan kecurigaan, dan selalu berprasangka buruk kepada siapa saja yang dijumpainya. Sikap ini adalah unsur yang tidak dimiliki banyak orang sukses. Rasa percaya dan kebesaran hati untuk membuka diri terhadap lawan bicara merupakan cermin bahwa kita nyaman dengan diri sendiri, lantas tidak ada yang perlu ditutupi, itulah yang dicari oleh para partner sejati dan sebagian besar dari kita akan setuju bahwa tidak banyak orang yang mau bekerja sama dengan orang yang misterius, betul kan? <br />
<br />
Lima, senang bekerja sama dan membina hubungan baik.<br />
Kemampuan bekerja sama dalam tim adalah salah satu kunci keberhasilan utama. Kembali kita mengambil contoh Donald Trump. Dalam serial TV The Apprentice, Trump memiliki tim yang loyal dan menjadi perpanjangan tangan dirinya dalam menemukan para calon “orang kepercayaan” yang baru. Pada akhirnya, Trump akan memiliki sebuah tim yang sangat loyal dan bervisi sama dengan menciptakan jaringan kerja yang baik, sehingga jalan menuju sukses itu semakin terbuka lebar. <br />
<br />
Enam, senang mempelajari hal-hal baru.<br />
Ciputra dan Aburizal Bakrie adalah seorang yang bisa dikatakan sebagai orang sukses dalam bidangnya yaitu commerce. Tapi saat mereka mendirikan universitas, apakah mereka beralih sebagai seorang pendidik? Atau mereka sendiri sebenarnya adalah profesor? Jelas tidak, mereka tetap seorang entrepreneur, namun dengan kegemarannya mencari hal-hal baru serta langsung menerapkannya, maka dunia bisnis semakin terbuka luas baginya. Dunia bisnis ibarat sebagai tempat bermain yang laus dan tidak terbatas. Jadi senang belajar dan mencari hal baru adalah sebuah sikap kesuksesan. <br />
<br />
Tujuh, jarang mengeluh, profesionalisme adalah yang paling utama.<br />
Lance Armstrong pernah berkata, “There are two kinds of days: good days and great days.” Hanya ada dua macam hari: hari yang baik dan hari yang sangat baik. Adalah baik jika kita tidak pernah mengeluh, walaupun suatu hari mungkin kita akan jatuh dan gagal. Mengapa? Karena setiap kali gagal, itu adalah kesempatan bagi diri kita untuk belajar mengatasi kegagalan itu sendiri sehingga tidak terulang lagi di kemudian hari. Hari di mana kita gagal tetap sebagai a good day (hari yang baik). <br />
<br />
Delapan, berani menanggung resiko.<br />
Jelas, tanpa ini tidak ada kesempatan sama sekali untuk menuju sukses. Sebenarnya setiap hari kita menanggung resiko, walaupun tidak disadari penuh. Resiko hanyalah akan berakibat dua macam: be a good or a great day. Jadi, jadi tidak perlu dikhawatirkan lagi bukan? Kegagalan pun hanyalah kesempatan belajar untuk tidak mengulangi hal yang sama di kemudian hari dan tentunya ambang kepada kesuksesan akan lebih dekat. <br />
<br />
Sembilan, tidak menunjukkan kekhawatiran (berpikir positif setiap saat).<br />
Berpikir positif adalah environment atau default state di mana keseluruhan eksistensi kita berada. Jika kita gunakan pikiran negatif sebagai default state, maka semua perbuatan kita akan berdasarkan ini (kekhawatiran atau cemas). Dengan pikiran positif, maka perbuatan kita akan didasarkan oleh getaran positif, sehingga hal positif akan semakin besar kemungkinannya. Semakin positif kita menyikapi hambatan, semakin besar kesempatan kita menemukan penyelesaian atas hambatan tersebut. <br />
<br />
Sepuluh, “comfortable in their own skin” Menutup-nutupi sesuatu maupun supaya tampak “lebih” dari lawan bicaranya.<br />
Pernah bertemu dengan orang sukses yang rendah diri alias tidak nyaman dengan diri mereka sendiri? Tidak ada tentunya. Kenyamanan menjadi diri sendiri tidak perlu ditutup-tutupi supaya lawan bicara tidak tersinggung karena setiap orang mempunyai tempat tersendiri di dunia yang tidak bisa digantikan oleh orang lain. Saya adalah saya, mereka adalah mereka. Dengan menjadi diri saya sendiri, saya tidak akan mengusik keberadaan mereka. Jika mereka merasa tidak nyaman, itu bukan karena kepribadian saya, namun karena mindset yang berbeda dan kekurangmampuan mereka dalam mencapai kenyamanan dengan diri sendiri. Sikap dasar orang sukses tersebut di atas barangkali dapat menjadi cerminan dan memuluskan langkah kita untuk mencapai kesuksesan yang kita impikan, tinggal kita yang memutuskan. Siap untuk sukses? Sampai bertemu lagi di puncak gunung kesuksesan!edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-35268709555389109552011-05-27T12:14:00.003+07:002011-05-27T15:05:26.632+07:00SENSOR (proximity/ sensor garis)<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sensor Proximity</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam dunia robotika, sensor proximity sering kali digunakan untuk mendeteksi ada atau tidaknya suatu garis pembimbing gerak robott atau yang lebih dikenal dengan istilah “line following” atau “line tracking”, juga biasa digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya benda-benda penghalang seperti dinding atau benda-benda lainnya sehingga robot dapat menghindari tabrakan dengan benda-benda tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Prinsip Kerja</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Salah satu kegunaan sensor proximity yang sering dijumpai dalam dunia robottika sebagai deteksi garis. Sensor ini dapat dibuat dari pasangan LED dan fototransistor<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trasonik 1 dan 2</i>. Bila cahaya LED memantul pada garis dan diterima oleh basis fototransistor maka fototransistor menjadi (on) sehingga tegangan output (V<sub>out</sub>) menjadi sama dengan V<sub>ce</sub> saturasi atau mendekati 0 volt. Sebaliknya jika tidak terdapat pantulan, maka basis fototransistor tidak mendapat arus bias sehingga fototransistor menjadi cut-off (C-E open), dengan demikian nilai V<sub>out</sub> sama dengan V<sub>cc.</sub>.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIihn4DYSXVGfuWxA0k75Ek9RAwUv8z60NSw7dxvAFiG7lOzwe2ZLn1QgsKrmg7WwTW2f_HK8ht5fuW3vJFSRmcdvxFiPXnL90XcKmKs70N8DHfX9xQY3eHbYfFI8d3mXeJpkPKXlpwzE/s1600/C0431-Figure1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIihn4DYSXVGfuWxA0k75Ek9RAwUv8z60NSw7dxvAFiG7lOzwe2ZLn1QgsKrmg7WwTW2f_HK8ht5fuW3vJFSRmcdvxFiPXnL90XcKmKs70N8DHfX9xQY3eHbYfFI8d3mXeJpkPKXlpwzE/s320/C0431-Figure1.gif" width="320" /></a></div><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gambar 1. Prinsip kerja proximity tanpa halangan</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sinyal led atau infrared akan menyebar jika tak ada halangan. berbeda dengan jika diberi halangan seperti gambar 2 dibawah ini.<br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw3r70qYrv-2bJAWoHMLiSMO95JG8FVvaxkcZE8JScjTQXyBp_Gt3cmmEXK1A8g7Lr-R9_IG4yoY-EITlX7xBcKVEXsJw7Wx1yCM9KstOqnB8Jc49uLNAL0b5HXha5AvHfNT4W8G41DSc/s1600/C0431-Figure2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw3r70qYrv-2bJAWoHMLiSMO95JG8FVvaxkcZE8JScjTQXyBp_Gt3cmmEXK1A8g7Lr-R9_IG4yoY-EITlX7xBcKVEXsJw7Wx1yCM9KstOqnB8Jc49uLNAL0b5HXha5AvHfNT4W8G41DSc/s320/C0431-Figure2.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar 2. Prinsip kerja proximity jika ada halangan</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: left;">Saat ada halangan maka pacaran sinar cahaya dari LED atau Infrared akan memantul. berkas cahaya yang memantul tersebut akan tertangkap oleh proximity sensor. Banyaknya intesitas cahaya yang tertangkap akan menjadi acuan nilai untuk mengetahui warna line atau bidang pantulnya.</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6sQFErySj58fsjFb3wfU_RzgUCzr9v3xD6aDhwsosPiS4u9Uc_imZADBkQGE_HwhCyqHbmY6KlWbi4z-VWTWccMOEyPcdJ86rwq4_-bLLYD2RmlphUdV21CXBkt-8g_63pFQYCEzm3EA/s1600/C0431-Figure5.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6sQFErySj58fsjFb3wfU_RzgUCzr9v3xD6aDhwsosPiS4u9Uc_imZADBkQGE_HwhCyqHbmY6KlWbi4z-VWTWccMOEyPcdJ86rwq4_-bLLYD2RmlphUdV21CXBkt-8g_63pFQYCEzm3EA/s320/C0431-Figure5.gif" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar 3. Grafik perbandingan jarak(mm) terhadap outputnya(mV) berdasarkan warnanya</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-E4mTYl85ZrlH2igmWnSl5O6oJFU37RKh6wk_1YSlsfV8Gcet_0Dj1Bi4UEK5bnhp8ec1DPjbzdtKO3lwuikOjDmP8vLTPo8EFjT9yfNwYGl7GIDCydj6x5rfqzFwIv8NY5ptpwE5J6Q/s1600/C0431-Figure6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-E4mTYl85ZrlH2igmWnSl5O6oJFU37RKh6wk_1YSlsfV8Gcet_0Dj1Bi4UEK5bnhp8ec1DPjbzdtKO3lwuikOjDmP8vLTPo8EFjT9yfNwYGl7GIDCydj6x5rfqzFwIv8NY5ptpwE5J6Q/s320/C0431-Figure6.gif" width="320" /></a></div><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> Gambar 4. grafik perbandingan terhadap human eye response</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Nxx44PFCj1DsJnTNJcGgs6pDXORgbD3fX6sPRq4UgonVzAE9BP87jdvdVEUPtGJUhyphenhyphenzFU593_SrLFl0ulSTYHFRBHvpi10ggW7sIlw9PL5DJ6DVBNKIst-YudJtyDh4WehOFDunJNTg/s1600/IR_proximity_sensor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Nxx44PFCj1DsJnTNJcGgs6pDXORgbD3fX6sPRq4UgonVzAE9BP87jdvdVEUPtGJUhyphenhyphenzFU593_SrLFl0ulSTYHFRBHvpi10ggW7sIlw9PL5DJ6DVBNKIst-YudJtyDh4WehOFDunJNTg/s1600/IR_proximity_sensor.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gambar 5. Rangkaian Proximity</div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Proximity untuk dapat di-interface-kan ke mikrokontroller, tegangan output harus selalu berada pada level 0 atau V<sub>cc</sub>. Output pada rangkaian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gambar 5</i> masih memiliki kemungkinan tidak pada kondisi ideal bila intensitas pantulan cahaya LED pada garis lemah, misalnya karena perubahan warna atau lintasan yang kotor. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, ditambahkan rangkaian pembanding yang membandingkan output sensor dengan suatu tegangan threshold yang dapat diatur dengan memutar trimmer potensio (10K). Rangkaian lengkapnya pada Gambar 6.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPM1h23go9EpZ_KhPLsUNPTA-vRCyDdFc2haGec1p4fbPi9Y3aURui7vwn1_ThIAgcbiEZqisEzkdSu9F5d-imnQxSXSoE1GgDC0SEuIartzNWRPhJ3HbgBBT8OJoNKNIIIS5UcRPZ-w/s1600/proximity.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQPM1h23go9EpZ_KhPLsUNPTA-vRCyDdFc2haGec1p4fbPi9Y3aURui7vwn1_ThIAgcbiEZqisEzkdSu9F5d-imnQxSXSoE1GgDC0SEuIartzNWRPhJ3HbgBBT8OJoNKNIIIS5UcRPZ-w/s320/proximity.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gambar 6. Schematic sensor Proximity.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">LED pada output berguna sebagai indicator logika output sehingga kerja sensor mudah diamati. Untuk lebih dari satu sensor dapat dibuat rangkaian yang identik sesuai kebutuhan. Satu buah LM 339N berisi 4 pembanding yang dapat dipakai untuk 4 rangkaian sensor. Untuk kebutuhan jumlah sensor yang lebih besar, misalnya pada robot line tracer untuk keperluan KRI, rangkaian ini bisa digunakan sesuai kebutuhan.</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><strong><br />
</strong></div><div style="text-align: left;">Sifat Dari PhotoDioda :</div><div style="text-align: left;">- Jika terkena cahaya maka resistansi diodanya berkurang. Arus dan tegangan akan menuju ground.</div><a href="http://catatansaad.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/sensor-copy.jpg"><img alt="Terkena Putih" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-627" height="486" src="http://catatansaad.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/sensor-copy.jpg?w=510&h=486" title="Terkena Putih" width="510" /></a><br />
- Jika tidak terkena cahaya maka resistansi diodanya meningkat. Arus dan Tegangan akan masuk ke kaki inverting (-).<br />
<div style="text-align: left;"> </div><a href="http://catatansaad.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/sensor-copy-2.jpg"><img alt="Terkena hitam" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-628" height="486" src="http://catatansaad.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/sensor-copy-2.jpg?w=510&h=486" title="Terkena hitam" width="510" /></a><br />
<strong><em>Voutput = PORT</em></strong><br />
Berikut Rumus Comparator :<br />
<div style="text-align: center;"><strong><em><span style="font-family: &; font-size: 14pt;">V<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">output </span>= (V<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">trimpot</span> – V<span style="position: relative; top: 3pt;">photoDioda </span>)%90.Vcc</span></em></strong></div><em>Misalkan : </em><strong><em> </em></strong><br />
<strong><em>Vtrimpot = 3 Volt</em></strong><br />
<strong><em> VphotoDioda= 3 Volt</em></strong><br />
<strong><em> Vcc = 5 Volt</em></strong><br />
<strong><em>maka :</em></strong><br />
<em> </em><br />
<strong><em> Voutput = (3-3).%90.5</em></strong><br />
<strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>=(0) dari 4,5</em></strong><br />
<strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em>=0V</em></strong><br />
<strong><em><br />
</em></strong><br />
<em> </em><br />
<strong><em>- %90.vcc → untuk menentukan jarak output tegangan yang keluar dari komparator. Bila dilihat dari contoh diatas maka jarak output tegangan yang keluar antara 0-4,5. </em></strong><br />
<strong><em>- 0V → tegangan Output yang keluar dari comparator</em></strong><em>.</em><br />
</div>edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-38780210386533946552011-05-27T10:39:00.000+07:002011-05-27T14:37:09.550+07:00SENSOR (PING PARALAX)<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sensor Ultrasonic</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sensor ultrasonic PING)) buatan Parallax merupakan sensor jarak presisi. Dapat melakukan pengukuran jarak 2 cm sampai 3 meter dan sangat mudah untuk dihubungkan ke mirkrokontroller menggunakan sebuah pin I/O. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sensor PING)) bekerja dengan cara memancarkan sinyal ultrasonic sesaat dan menghasilkan pulsa output yang sesuai dengan waktu pantul sinyal ultrasonic sessat kembali menuju sensor. Dengan mengukur lebar pulsa pantulan tersebut, jarak target didepan sensor dapat diketahui.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><strong>Karakteristik</strong><br />
<ul><li>Tegangan suplai : 5VDC</li>
<li>Konsumsi arus : 30 mA typ; 35 mA max</li>
<li>Jarak : 2 cm sampai 3 m (0.8 in sampai 3.3 yrd)</li>
<li>Input Trigger : positive TTL pulse, 2 uS min, 5 µs typ</li>
<li>Echo Pulse : positive TTL pulse, 115 uS to 18.5 ms</li>
<li>Echo Hold-off : 750 µs from fall of Trigger pulse</li>
<li>Burst Frequency : 40 kHz for 200 µs</li>
<li>Burst Indicator LED shows sensor activity</li>
<li>Delay before next measurement : 200 µs</li>
<li>Size : 22 mm H x 46 mm W x 16 mm D (0.84 in x 1.8 in x 0.6 in)</li>
</ul><a href="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping1.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-313" height="152" src="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping1.jpg?w=507&h=152" title="ping(1)" width="507" /></a><br />
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<strong>Konfigurasi Pin</strong><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="50"><strong>GND</strong></td> <td valign="top" width="113"><strong>Ground (Vss)</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="50"><strong>5 V</strong></td> <td valign="top" width="113"><strong>5 VDC (Vdd)</strong></td> </tr>
<tr> <td valign="top" width="50"><strong>SIG</strong></td> <td valign="top" width="113"><strong>Signal (I/O pin)</strong></td> </tr>
</tbody> </table><strong>Teori Operasi</strong><br />
<div style="text-align: left;"><strong><a href="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping2.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-314" height="312" src="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping2.jpg?w=481&h=312" title="ping(2)" width="481" /></a></strong></div><strong><br />
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<strong>Bentuk Pancaran Sinyal Sensor</strong><br />
<strong><a href="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping3.jpg"><img alt="" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-315" height="592" src="http://wangready.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/ping3.jpg?w=376&h=592" title="ping(3)" width="376" /></a></strong><br />
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="270" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="450" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gambar 5. Spesifikasi sensor ultrasonic PING )) Parallax.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Diagram pewaktuan untuk sensor ultrasonic adalah:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="272" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="419" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gambar 6. Teori pengoperasian sensor ultrasonic PING )) Parallax.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Program bahasa C yang digunakan untuk pengoperasian sebagai berikut:</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="height: 204px; left: 0px; margin-left: 278px; margin-top: 45px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 338px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="204" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="338" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="308" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg" width="623" /></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">Gambar 7. Fungsi ultrasonic PING )) Parallax </span></div>edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-763335941516717732011-05-27T01:20:00.000+07:002011-05-27T14:37:09.550+07:00BELAJAR C LANGUAGE dengan CODEVISION AVR jilid 2ok berikutnya kita belajar tentang input output pada C language <br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Output:</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTX = data;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Yaitu untuk mengirim data secara byte ke PortX (X= A,B,C,D). Perintah ini sama dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">out</i> dalam bahasa ATmega8535.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Input:</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">data_in = PINX;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">yaitu mengambil data byte dari PINX (X= A,B,C,D) yang kemudian disimpan ke variable data_in. Perintah ini sama dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in</i> dalam bahasa assembly Atmega8535.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Sebelum memulai pemrograman dasar I/O dengan bahasa C perlu diketahui bahwa microcontroller Atmega8535 perlu disetting DDR dan PORT agar bias digunakan sebagaimana mestinya.</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DDR bit = 1</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DDR bit = 0</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORT bit = 1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Output; High</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Input; R pull-up</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORT bit = 0</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Output; Low</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Input; Floating</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tabel 1. Konfigurasai Pengaturan Port I/O</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">….</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DDRA=0x0F;</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTA=0xCC;</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">….</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dari DDR terlihat bahwa port A<sub>0-3</sub> sebagai ouput dan port A<sub>4-7</sub> sebagai input. Sedangkan dari PORT terlihat bahwa PA<sub>0-1</sub> = Low, PA<sub>2-3</sub> = High, PA<sub>4-5 </sub>tanpa Rpull-up (floating) dan PA<sub>6-7</sub> dengan Rpull-up.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kontrol PORT I/O per bit</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perintah input dan output pada mikro juga bisa dilakukan per bit dengan cara:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Output</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTX.bitn = data;</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu untuk mengirimkan data bit (0 atau 1) ke PortX (X= A,B,C,D) bit ke-n. Perintah ini setara dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sbi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i>dalam bahasa assembly.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">….</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTB.3 = 1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">….</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Artinya adalah bit 3 PORTB di beri nilai 1.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Input</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Data_in = PINX.bitn;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Yaitu mengambil data bit dari PINX (X=A,B,C,D) bit ke n yang kemudian disimpan ke variable data_in. </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Perintah ini setara dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cbi </i>dalam bahasa assembly.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">….</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Data_in = PINB.3;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>….</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Artinya adalah mikro mengambil data bit pada PORTB bit ke-3. NIlai dari perintah ini hanya 0 atau 1.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5800848144104425931.post-14563070067752213942011-05-27T00:57:00.000+07:002011-05-27T14:37:09.550+07:00BELAJAR C LANGUAGE dengan CODEVISION AVR<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Asslmkm.wr.wb<br />
alhamdulillah ini adalah postingan pertama ane di blog libraryilmu ini dan semoga blog ini bermanfaat bagi kita semua..<br />
pertama-pertama ane mau ngeshare sedikit pengetahuan ane tentang C language dengan compilernya Codevission AVR yg mungkin sudah tak asing lagi dikalangan kita..<br />
<br />
ok! bismillah kita mulai ya<br />
<br />
DASAR PEMROGRAMAN C</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Struktur dalam penulisan bahasa C secara umum dapat disusun dalam empat blok:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Header.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Deklarasi konstanta global dan local.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Deklarasi procedure dan atau fungsi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi Utama.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Code yang akan diimplementasikan akan dituliskan pada fungsi utama karena pada awal eksekusi, maka fungsi utama lah yang pertama kali akan dieksekusi. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Void main (void)</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Code here;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh layout pada Codevision:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 214px; left: 0px; margin-left: 271px; margin-top: 177px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 354px; z-index: 251645440;"><img height="214" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="354" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="447" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg" width="550" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh Code secara utuh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 718px; left: 0px; margin-left: 213px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 265px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="718" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="265" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><img alt="Text Box: #include <mega8385.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <lcd.h>
#include <delay.h>
char kata [16];
int a;
unsigned char b;
void contoh_procedure ();
void main(void)
{
PORTA=0x00;
DDRA=0x00;
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x00;
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0x00;
PORTD=0x00;
DDRD=0x00;
…
While (1)
{
Write your code here.
};
};
Void contoh_procedure ()
{
Write your code here.
};" height="851" src="file:///C:/Users/3d13c/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="575" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tipe data</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terdapat beberapa tipe-tipe variable atau konstanta yang dikenal oleh codevision berdasarkan tipe bilangan pada bahasa pemrograman c, diantaranya:</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Type</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Size (Bits)</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Range</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bit</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0,1</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Char</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-128 s/d 127</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">unsigned char</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0 s/d 255</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">signed char</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-128 s/d 127</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Int</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-32768 s/d 32767</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">unsigned int</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-32768 s/d 32767</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">signed int</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0 s/d 65535</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">long int</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">16</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-326768 s/d 32767</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">unsigned long int </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">0 s/d 4294967295</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">signed long int</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-2147483648 s/d 2147482647</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Float</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">± 1.175e-38 s/d ± 3.402e38 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 154.2pt;" valign="top" width="206"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Double</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.8pt;" valign="top" width="142"> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">32</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 212.4pt;" valign="top" width="283"> <div align="right" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">± 1.175e-38 s/d ± 3.402e38</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Reserved Keywords</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> beberapa kata-kata yang telah ada dan disediakan oleh codevision sehingga tidak boleh digunakan pada code atau nama variable/konstanta. Indikasi suatu kata merupakan reserved keywords adalah kata yang tertuliskan secara BOLD. Kata-kata tersebut diantaranya:</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Break</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">flash</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">signed</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bit</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Float</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">sizeof</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">For</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sfrb</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">char</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">funcused</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sfrw</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Const</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">goto</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">static</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Continue</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">struct</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">default</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Int</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Double</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">interrupt</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">union</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Eeprom</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Register</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">void</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">enum</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Return</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.3pt;" valign="top" width="152"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Volatile</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">extern</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">short</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 119.7pt;" valign="top" width="160"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">while and … etc</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Operator</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Terdapat tiga type operator yang dapat digunakan untuk memanipulasi data, diantaranya:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">ARITMATIKA</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Operator</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keterangan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Temp1 = temp2 + temp3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penjumlahan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Temp1 = temp2 – temp3</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengurangan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">++</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i++</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kenaikan/increment. n= n + 1</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-i</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penurunan/decrement. n= n-1 </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">*</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a*b</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">n = n *2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perkalian</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">%</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sisa = a % b</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menghasilkan sisa dari pembagian. a dan b bilangan bulat</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = b</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pemberian nilai</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">+=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a+=2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Penambahan suatu nilai pada variable yang telah ada nilai sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = a+2.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">-=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a-=2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengurangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu nilai pada variable yang telah ada nilai sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = a – 2.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">*=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a*=2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pengalian suatu nilai pada veriabel yang telah ada nilai sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = a * 2. </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a /= 2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembagian suatu nilai pada variable yang telah ada nilai sebelumnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = a / 2.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 12;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">%=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a %= 2</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sisa dari suatu nilai pada suatu variable yang sudah ada sebelumnya yang dibagi oleh nilai atau variable lain.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 13; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">*</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">*pointer</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Menunjukkan isi dari pointer</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">LOGIKA</span></i></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Simbol</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Logika pemabnding</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">==</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a == b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Logika sama dengan. Jika a sama dengan b maka bernilai true</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">!=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a != b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tidak sama dengan. Jika a tidak sama dengan b maka akan bernilai true.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">< </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a < b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Logika lebih kecil dari. Jika a < b, maka akan bernilai true.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><= </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a <= b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Logika lebih kecil sama dengan dari. Jika a tidak sama dengan b, maka bernilai true.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a > b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Logika lebih besar dari. Jika a > b, maka akan bernilai true.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">>=</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a >= b)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Logika lebih besar sama dengan dari. Jika a tidak sama dengan b, maka bernilai true.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">! </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if (!a)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Not a.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">&&</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a==b && a==c)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">||</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If (a==b || a==c)</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">OR</span></div></td> </tr>
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</style> <![endif]--> </div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">MANIPULASI BIT</span></i></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">~</span></sup></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = <sup>~</sup> b</span></div></td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Complement.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b=1100; a=0011; </span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">&</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a & b</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">AND untuk mmanipulasi bit. a=1100; b=1001; maka c=1000.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">|</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a | b</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Or untuk manipulasi data bit. a=1100; b=1001; maka c=1000.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">^</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a ^ b</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">XOR untuk manipulasi data bit. a=1100; b=1001; maka c=0101.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><< </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a << n </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Shift left, manipulasi bit menggeser ke kiri sejauh n bit. a=1101; b=1001;maka c=110100.</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">>> </span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c = a>>n</span></div></td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Shift right, manipulasi bit menggeser ke kanan sejauh n bit. a=1101; b=1001;maka c=0110</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Percabangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">If – then</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bentuk umum dari percabangan ini adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (kondisi)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">//pernyataan</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Artinya adalah pernyataan akan dijalankan jika kondisi terpenuhi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (a<0x%0)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTB = 0xFF;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}; </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam contoh ini PORTB akan dikirm data 0xFF (mode heksa).</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if – then – else</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bentuk umum dari percabangan ini adalah:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (kondisi)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">//pernyataan a</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">else</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">//pernyataan b</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}; </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Artinya adalah pernyataan a akan dijalankan jika kondisi terpenuhi dan pernyataan b akan dijalankan jika kondisi tidak terpenuhi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">if </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(a<0x5C)</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTB = 0x55;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">} </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">else</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0xA5;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTB akan dikirim data 0x55 jika a lebih kecil dari 0x5C dan PORTC akan dikirim data 0xA5 jika ≥ 0x5C.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">switch – case</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pernyataan switch – case digunakan jika terjadi banyak percabangan. Struktur penulisan pernyataan ini adalah sebagaib berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">…</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">switch</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (ekspresi) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">konstanta1:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pernyataan1</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">break</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">konstanata2:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pernyataan2</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break;</b></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">case</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> konstantaN:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pernyataanN</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">break;</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">switch</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (a) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x01;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">break</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x02;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break;</b></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 3:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x03;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">break;</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC akan dikirim data 0x01 jika nilai a=1, PORTC akan dikirim data 0x02 jika nilai a=2 dan PORTC akan dikrik data 0x03 jika nilai a=3.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Switch – case – default</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pernyataan switch – case – default hamper sama dengan switch – case. Yang membedakan adalah bahwa dengan adanya default, maka jika tidak terdapat kondisi case sesuai dengan ekspresi, switch akan menuju pernyataan yang terdapat dibagian default. Struktur penulisan pernyataan ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">switch</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (ekspresi) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">konstanta1:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pernyataan1</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">break</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">konstanata2:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pernyataan2</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break;</b></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">case</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> konstantaN:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pernyataanN</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">break;</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">default:</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pernyataan – pernyataan;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">switch</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> (a) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x01;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">break</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x02;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">break;</b></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">case</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> 3:</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0x03;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">break;</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">default</span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = 0xFF;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC akan dikirim data 0x01 jika nilai a=1, PORTC akan dikirim data 0x02 jika nilai a=2 dan PORTC akan dikrim data 0x03 jika nilai a=3 dan jika kondisi case tidak sesuai dengan ekspresi maka pernyataan di default akan dijalankan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perulangan</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">For<br />
Pernyataan for akan melakukan perulangan berapa kali sesuai yang diinginkan. Struktur penulisan perulangan for adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">For </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(mulai; kondisi; penambahan atau pengurangan) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">pernyataan – pernyataan; </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mulai adalah pemberian nilai awal, kemudian kondisi adalah pengondisi dalam for yaitu jika kondisi bernilai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">true</i> maka pernyataan dalam for akan dijalanakan. Penambahan atau pengurangan adalah penambahan atau pengurangan terhadap nilai awal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a=1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">for </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(I =1; i<50; i++) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a = a *2;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PORTC = a;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh di atas akan melakukan perulangan 50 kali, yaitu dari 1 hingga 50 dengan penambahan 1 (i++, lihat operator aritmatik). Hasilnya PORTC akan dikirim data 1, kemudian data 2,4,8, ….</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">While</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bentuk dari perulangan ini adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">while</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> (kondisi) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>peryataan – pernyataan;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jika kondisi memenuhi (bernilai true) maka pernyataan-pernyataan di bawahnya akan dijalankan hingga selesai, kemudian akan menguji kembali kondisi di atas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i=1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a=1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">while </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(i<50) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a=a*2;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PORTC=a;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">i++;</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>};</span></i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Do – while</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Bentuk perulangan ini kembalikan dari while – do, yaitu pernyataan dilakukan terlebih dahulu kemudian diuji kondisinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">do </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">pernyataan-pernyataan;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">while</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> (kodisi); </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Contoh: </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">i=1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a=1;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">do</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">a=a*2;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">PORTC=a;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">i++;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">while</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;"> (i<50);</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">Konversi Pola (%)</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Karakter %_ dipakai sebagai operator konversi pola. Konversi pola akan sangat berguna pada saat kita menampilkan hasil ke LCD.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%d menampilkan bilangan bulat positif.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Sprint </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">(buf, “angka%d”,14);</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%o menampilkan bilangan octal bulat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%x menampilkan bilangan heksadesimal bulat.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%u menampilkan bilangan decimal tanpa tanda.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">%f menampilkan bilangan pecahan.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">%i menampilkan bilangan integer.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%c menampilkan karakter yang ditunjukkan bilangan ASCII.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Prosedur dan Fungsi</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Seringkali dalam suatu program kita menemukan kelompok instruksi untuk suatu keperluan tertentu yang sering dijalankan. Kelompok instruksi ini bisa dibuat sebagai procedure atau fungsi. Langkah ini akan dapat menghemat memori disbanding bila instruksi-instruksi tersebut ditulis berulang-ulang. Ingat bahwa di sini kita akan memprogram mikrokontroller yang memiliki memori yang terbatas.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Procedure</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Prosedur adalah suatu kumpulan instruksi untuk mengerjakan suatu keperluan tertentu tanpa mengembalikan suatu nilai.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Void</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> nama_procedure (parameter1,parameter2,…parameterN) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pernyataan-pernyataan;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Void </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">delay (unsigned char i) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">While </span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">(i--) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT;">/*penulisan untuk bahasa assembly*/</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">/*akan dibahas tersendiri*/</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">#asm</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nop</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nop</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">#end asm</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Fungsi adalah suatu kumpulan instruksi untuk mengerjakan suatu keperluan tertentu dengan hasil akhir pengembalian nilai dari keperluan tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Type_data</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> nama_fungsi (parameter1, parameter2, ..parameterN) </span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">{</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pernyataan-pernyataan;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">return</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> variable _hasil;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">};</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Int</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> luas (int pj, int lb) {</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">luas = pj*lb;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">return</b> luas;</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">};</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Pengembalian prosedur atau fungsi dialkukan dengan langsung menuliskan prosedur atau fungsinya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Contoh:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">delay (150);</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">dt =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>luas (5,10);</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">}</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">…</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Memasukkan bahasa assembly</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kita sebut sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in-line assembly.</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam pemrograman dengan bahasa v inin kita masih dapat memasukkan bahasa assembly ke dalam program C. Struktur penulisannya juga mudah, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">…</i></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>#asm<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>//dimulai dengan #asm//</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>nop<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>//blok bahasa assembly//</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">nop</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>#endasm<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>//diakhiri dengan #endasm//</span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">…</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"></span></i></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">PERNYATAAN KENDALI LAINNYA</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Break</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pernyataan ini akan menghentikan atau menyebabkan kelua dari suatu blok program.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Continue</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pernyataan ini akan menyebabakan kendali melaukan kembali proses perulangan dari awal.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Goto - Label</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Pernyataan ini akan melakukan loncatan ke label yang dituju</span></div><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.5pt;" valign="top" width="78"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 148.5pt;" valign="top" width="198"><br />
</td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 266.4pt;" valign="top" width="355"><br />
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>edy_lakershttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02487843440585670977noreply@blogger.com0